20 Thus, conducting EFA, the model was composed of the two-factor solution, defined by cognitive-affective and somatic, unlike those of the BDI-II in an adult sample. 22 Another study conducted confirmatory factor analyses of several first-order solutions, but the analyses failed to provide adequate fit estimates for 408 adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Steer and his colleagues identified a three-factor solution for the BDI-II in adolescent psychiatric outpatients. There have been a few studies that revealed the factor structure of the BDI-II in an adolescent clinical sample, and it has been known that the factor structure of the BDI-II for adolescents might be different from that for adults. 9, 16 Also, given the high prevalence of depressive symptoms in the youth population, assessing the reliability and validity of the BDI-II provides significant background information for extending its use to population beyond a clinical sample. 16 Data from a nonclinical sample are crucial for evaluating the response of subclinical patients who may potentially have mood symptoms or disorders. It is especially important to obtain a greater understanding of the influential results related to depressive symptoms as potential risk factors in nonclinical adolescents, given the fact that several mood-related disorders have their onset in childhood and adolescence. 1, 15 In recent years, many attempts have been made to examine the psychometric properties of the BDI-II however, these studies focused mostly on data from adult populations, 16, 17, 18, 19 and a limited number of reliability and validity studies of the BDI-II have been conducted in adolescents, either outpatients or inpatients. 11, 12, 13, 14 The BDI has undergone two major revisions: in 1978 as the BDI-IA and in 1996 as the BDI-II. 10 Since it was originally developed in English in 1961, the BDI has been translated into many languages with high levels of reliability and validity across cultures. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is one of the most popular scales not only as one of the most widely used self-report instruments for evaluating the severity of depression, but also for screening for depression in clinical practice and general population of adolescents as well as adults.
9 If adolescent depression is not detected early and properly, there is a possibility that it may become chronic and may also become an obstacle to one's personal cognitive, emotional, and social functioning. 8 In addition, a study performed in a community sample showed that people with subthreshold depression in adolescence had a similar prognosis to those who meet the criteria for major depression, and sample members with subthreshold depression are a group with elevated risks of later depression and suicide behaviors. reported that about sixty percent of the depressed adolescent group had one or more episodes of MDD in adulthood. 3, 5 Approximately 10–15% of all children and adolescents are currently experiencing depressive symptoms, 6 with 2% of young children and 4–8% of adolescents suffering from Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). 2, 3, 4 Depression during adolescence is associated with seriously negative outcomes such as increased risk for adolescents substance abuse, school dropout and suicide attempts. 1 The prevalence of depression increases during adolescence, and it has shown a rapid increase with occurrence at an earlier age and a tendency to continue into adulthood. Depression has become a common disorder worldwide affecting a significant number of populations.
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